MySQL数据库安全配置大全
我们先来了解授权表的结构。
1)MySQL授权表的结构与内容：
| mysql> desc user; +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | | | User | char(16) binary | | PRI | | | | Password | char(16) binary | | | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Reload_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Shutdown_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Process_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | File_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 17 rows in set (0.01 sec) |
user表是5个授权表中最重要的一个，列出可以连接服务器的用户及其加密口令，并且它指定他们有哪种全局(超级用户)权限。在user表启用的任何权限均是全局权限，并适用于所有数据库。所以我们不能给任何用户访问mysql.user表的权限!
权限说明：
| +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 权限指定符| 列名 |权限操作 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Select | Select_priv | 允许对表的访问，不对数据表进行访问的select语句不受影响，比如select 1+1| +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Insert | Insert_priv | 允许对表用insert语句进行写入操作。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Update | Update_priv | 允许用update语句修改表中现有记录。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Delete | Delete_priv | 允许用delete语句删除表中现有记录。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Create | Create_priv | 允许建立新的数据库和表。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Drop | Drop_priv | 允许删除现有的数据库和表。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Index | Index_priv | 允许创建、修改或删除索引。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Alter | Alter_priv | 允许用alter语句修改表结构。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grant | Grant_priv | 允许将自己拥有的权限授予其它用户，包括grant。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Reload | Reload | 允许重载授权表，刷新服务器等命令。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Shutdown | Shudown_priv| 允许用mysqladmin shutdown命令关闭MySQL服务器。该权限比较危险， | | | | 不应该随便授予。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Process | Process_priv| 允许查看和终止MySQL服务器正在运行的线程（进程）以及正在执行的查询语句 | | | | ，包括执行修改密码的查询语句。该权限比较危险，不应该随便授予。 | +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | File | File_priv | 允许从服务器上读全局可读文件和写文件。该权限比较危险，不应该随便授予。| +-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| mysql> desc db; +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) binary | | PRI | | | | User | char(16) binary | | PRI | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 13 rows in set (0.01 sec) |
db表列出数据库，而用户有权限访问它们。在这里指定的权限适用于一个数据库中的所有表。
| mysql> desc host; +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) binary | | PRI | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | | | N | | +-----------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 12 rows in set (0.01 sec) |
host表与db表结合使用在一个较好层次上控制特定主机对数据库的访问权限，这可能比单独使用db好些。这个表不受GRANT和REVOKE语句的影响，所以，你可能发觉你根本不是用它。
| mysql> desc tables_priv; +-------------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) binary | | PRI | | | | User | char(16) binary | | PRI | | | | Table_name | char(60) binary | | PRI | | | | Grantor | char(77) | | MUL | | | | Timestamp | timestamp(14) | YES | | NULL | | | Table_priv | set('Select','Insert', | | | | | | | 'Update','Delete','Create', | | | | | | | 'Drop','Grant','References',| | | | | | | 'Index','Alter') | | | | | | Column_priv | set('Select','Insert', | | | | | | | 'Update','References') | | | | | +-------------+-----------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 8 rows in set (0.01 sec) |
tables_priv表指定表级权限。在这里指定的一个权限适用于一个表的所有列。
| mysql> desc columns_priv; +-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Host | char(60) binary | | PRI | | | | Db | char(64) binary | | PRI | | | | User | char(16) binary | | PRI | | | | Table_name | char(64) binary | | PRI | | | | Column_name | char(64) binary | | PRI | | | | Timestamp | timestamp(14) | YES | | NULL | | | Column_priv | set('Select','Insert', | | | | | | | 'Update','References') | | | | | +-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
columns_priv表指定列级权限。在这里指定的权限适用于一个表的特定列。
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